Biodegradation Using Fungal Isolates

Biodegradation Using Fungal Isolates Dr. Jayanthi Abraham* Anjali.M, Caroline Jessica Solomon, V.Vinothini. Abstract Biodegradation is a sustainable and eco friendly way to clean up contaminated environments. The biological processes harnessed play a major role in the removal of contaminants and they make use of the catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade/covert compounds which are toxic and difficult to breakdown. The study was done to determine the biodegradation of profenofos using fungal strains. Two fungal strains were isolated and characterized by 18srRNA sequencing. Minimum inhibitory concentration was checked on the fungal isolates. Growth kinetics was performed using Czpax Dox broth to understand the growth pattern of the fungal isolates in the presence and absence of profenofos. The biodegradation of the pesticide was then performed using the isolates grown on minimal and mineral media. Analytical characterizations of profenofos were also done using HPLC, GCMS, and FTIR. Key words: Profenofos, Gro wth kinetics, Biodegradation, fungal isolates. 1. Introduction Modern agricultural practices include the use of various chemical supplements in the form of pesticides such as fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides which are used to manage different groups of pests to maximize crop yield and to meet the demands for higher supplies of food and other agricultural products for the fast-growing human population. Various  benefits are derived from the use of pesticides, however they also cause a wide array of toxicological and environmental problems and often persist in the environment for long periods of time. Organophosphorus insecticides are one of the most commonly used pesticides in agricultural practices. Out of a large number of organophosphate pesticides, profenofos is the one that is most widely used because of its broad spectrum of activity. Profenofos: O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl-O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate (C11H15BrClO3PS, Molecular mass 373.6 g/mol]) is widely used for agricultural purposes in India and some other countries such as Australia, China, Pakistan, Egypt and Korea. [1][2][3][4][5][6].It is classified as moderately hazardous(toxicity class II) pesticide by WHO. Profenofos iw widely used on cotton, to control the tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, armyworm, cotton aphid, mealy bugs, cotton strainers, whiteflies, spider mites, plant bugs, leafhoppers and flea hoppers ,they are used as effective pesticide for watermelon, Chilli peppers, tomatoes, soya beans . An estimated 85% of all profenofos is used to control lepidopteron species (the worm complex) at varying rates. It is a non systemic insecticide and acaricide which is found to have contact and stomach action. Like any other pesticide its effect on non target organisms is unavoidable and they eventually find their way into the food chain. Morphological, reproductive, enzymatic, hormonal and genotoxic effects exhibited by this pesticide have been reported[2]. Profenofos was found to be highly toxic to different organisms including mammals [8] insects  [9], and [6][11] Profenofos has been found to cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; it over stimulates the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures, respiratory paralysis and death. It has been found that various bacteria such as Pseudomonas diminuta, Flavobacteria sp , Pseudomonas putida , Burkholderia gladioli [12] Pesudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis . fungi and actinomycetes [13] are able to degrade these pesticides in the soil. Fungi however have been found to be more efficient in doing so. There are several methods which can be used to degrade pesticides which have accumulated in the environment, these process are Photo catalytic degradation, Ozonation, Oxidative processes, Phytoremediation, photo-fenton reactions and bioremediations (Zenilda et al.). Of all these systems bioremediations is found to be most effective because it brings about complete mineralisation unlike in the case of physicalor chemical treatment. Treatment can be done insitu without having to excavate contaminated soil, thus it becomes extremely cost effective.

Wounding With Intent and Malicious Infliction of Grievous Bodily Harm Essay

Wounding With Intent and Malicious Infliction of Grievous Bodily Harm or Wounding - Essay Example This paper illustrates that because Stan did not intend to cause grievous bodily harm but only intended to instill fear in Helen, his mental state is insufficient to establish the mens rea requirement for wounding with intent. Malice, however, which is the required state of mind for malicious infliction of grievous bodily harm or wounding, can be inferred by the defendant’s conduct and is unrelated to his motive, according to the leading case of Re A (children) (conjoined twins) [2000] 4 All ER 961. While Stan claims that he did not intend to inflict bodily injuries, and his motive was to make her afraid rather than to hurt her, general malice can be inferred by his act of throwing a bottle directly at Helen. Thus, the mens rea requirement for the lesser offenses of malicious infliction of grievous bodily harm or malicious wounding is all that can be established from the facts. Depending on whether or not Helen’s injuries were a wound or were grievous under the Offences Against The Person Act of 1861 s.20, Stan may have committed a malicious infliction of grievous bodily harm or malicious wounding. The Act prohibits the unlawful and malicious wounding of another person (meaning the â€Å"breaking of the continuity of the whole of the outer skin, or the inner skin within the cheek or lip†) as well as the unlawful and malicious infliction of grievous, or serious, bodily harm (a jury question). If both a wound and grievous bodily harm exist, R v McCready [1978] 1 WLR 1376 mandates that the correct charge is unlawful wounding. The bottle that Stan threw at Helen caused a deep cut that required stitches. Thus the breaking of the skin requirement for unlawful wounding is clearly met. Grievous bodily harm may also be present since such a deep cut is arguably serious according to the plain meaning of the word, but this question does not need to be addressed since the holding in McCready requires that the charge be unlawful wounding under s.20 if a wound is present. Thus, the crime that Stan probably committed is malicious wounding.

NBC Internet TV Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NBC Internet TV - Assignment Example The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has blocked active online streaming sites with temporary restraining orders, saying permission is not granted to broadcast without paying copyright fees. Some companies agree that the FCC needs to â€Å"clearly define what an online video distributor is† and post clear and concise rules that consider all stakeholders for this new type of broadcasting across the Internet (Kang, 2010). In order for NBC to be a competitive force in the Internet TV arena, they must offer connection to all forms of Internet technology that is being used regularly. NBC is interested in continuing to broadcast news, shows, and other programs on the Internet TV, claiming the ability to reach a much larger audience than regular TV. Opposition to NBC’s close-circuit broadcasts believe that anyone who owns a television capable of connecting to the Internet should have access to everything the Web has to offer (Kang, 2010). Reports that detail the network s that currently block viewing privileges of web-based programs to some Internet TV subscribers has some interested parties upset. The idea that big conglomerates can oust smaller organizations before they even have a chance to be successful is unfair monopolization of the industry, according to business attorneys for the opposition (Kang, 2010). The ability to reach a larger audience by broadcasting across Internet TV allows NBC to increase revenue through increased ad sales and other vendor payments that would otherwise be invalid, were it not for global inclusion. The threat of having to share content provided by NBC to other Internet TV users could hamper the revenue collected by NBC. Companies and trade firms involved in Internet TV would like to see FCC rules and regulation maintain â€Å"the integrity of the pay stream† that has been established (Kang, 2010). The Nielson ratings and demographic coverage supply the data used by television stations to sell future adverti sements. Tapping into the Internet TV market allows data statistics to increase, thus revenue to potentially increase for NBC (Robertson, 2012). The success or failure of putting NBC on Internet TV may very likely be attributed to the conditions the FCC puts on this and other television stations wanting to broadcast across the globe. The ability for NBC to compete in the Internet TV arena will include their willingness to do what it takes to maintain the seamless Internet connectivity desired by those loyal customers who will continue to support NBC. Rogers Internet TV Rogers On Demand Online, one of the three largest broadcasting networks in Canada, changed their name to Rogers Anyplace TV (RogersKaili, 2012) to incorporate the idea that viewing of programming can happen anywhere or anytime. Rogers has opened the access of Internet TV in Canada to personal computers, smartphones, tablets, and the Xbox360 (Suppa, 2010) giving viewers more options of scheduling and availability of pr ograms. The Internet TV options in Canada are expanding due to Rogers efforts to open up alternative ways for customers to continuously stream programs into busy schedules. The offering of â€Å"play-shifting, time-shifting, micro-transactional, and high definition content delivery† (Suppa, 2010) have made Rogers the first company to expand this extensively into Internet TV. The idea behind the name is that the more options a customer has to

Jonathan Edwards Sinnners in the Hands of An Angry God Essay -- Chris

Jonathan Edwards' Sinnners in the Hands of An Angry God Jonathan Edwards delivered his sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, in Enfield Connecticut on July 8, 1741, the year following George Whitefield's preaching tour which helped inspire the "Great Awakening." Weeping and emotional conviction among Edwards’ audiences came at a time of great spiritual thirst. While very foreign to mainstream American opinion today, this extraordinary message was fashioned for a people who were very conscious of how their lifestyles affected eternal consequences. By today's popular perspective, the doctrine of predestination probably discourages conversion because of the new-age independent attitude. However, in Puritan culture, through Jonathan Edwards’ sermon, Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God, fear might have powerfully affected people to look within them for the evidence of grace and then experience salvation. First, Edwards' sermon is filled with graphic images of the fury of divine wrath and the horror of the unmerciful punishment of the wicked in hell. If one were to continue in their sin, according to Edwards, not only would a person be tormented in the presence of holy angels, but God’s terribleness would be magnified upon his/her life and forced to suffer through God’s wrath for all eternity (74). â€Å"Although it conveys the reek of brimstone, the sermon does not say that God will hurl man into everlasting fires--on the contrary, doom will come from God’s indifference...† (Thompson 71). Edwards had little need to justify his scare tactics and theology. His consuming obligation was to preach it; to preach it fiercely, purposely, persuasively, and firmly. Next, an example of God’s wrath is seen through Edward’s p... ...e wrath of God be seen as a primitive or obscene concept? Is the very notion of hell an insult? If so, it is clear that the God one worships is not a holy God: thus, He is not a God at all. If we despise the justice of God, a person is not a Christian. One stands in a position which is every bit as dangerous as the one which Edwards so graphically described. â€Å"If we hate the wrath of God, it is because we hate God Himself. We may protest vehemently against these charges but our vehemence only confirms our hostility toward God† (Sproul â€Å"God In The Hands Of Angry Sinners†). But a God of love who has no wrath is no God. One who does not love God in this present world is considered a loser, as he has lost all peace, comfort, strength, and even hope. A person’s greatest detriment in the hereafter is found in the loss of the sight of Christ and the beholding of His glories. Jonathan Edwards' Sinnners in the Hands of An Angry God Essay -- Chris Jonathan Edwards' Sinnners in the Hands of An Angry God Jonathan Edwards delivered his sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, in Enfield Connecticut on July 8, 1741, the year following George Whitefield's preaching tour which helped inspire the "Great Awakening." Weeping and emotional conviction among Edwards’ audiences came at a time of great spiritual thirst. While very foreign to mainstream American opinion today, this extraordinary message was fashioned for a people who were very conscious of how their lifestyles affected eternal consequences. By today's popular perspective, the doctrine of predestination probably discourages conversion because of the new-age independent attitude. However, in Puritan culture, through Jonathan Edwards’ sermon, Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God, fear might have powerfully affected people to look within them for the evidence of grace and then experience salvation. First, Edwards' sermon is filled with graphic images of the fury of divine wrath and the horror of the unmerciful punishment of the wicked in hell. If one were to continue in their sin, according to Edwards, not only would a person be tormented in the presence of holy angels, but God’s terribleness would be magnified upon his/her life and forced to suffer through God’s wrath for all eternity (74). â€Å"Although it conveys the reek of brimstone, the sermon does not say that God will hurl man into everlasting fires--on the contrary, doom will come from God’s indifference...† (Thompson 71). Edwards had little need to justify his scare tactics and theology. His consuming obligation was to preach it; to preach it fiercely, purposely, persuasively, and firmly. Next, an example of God’s wrath is seen through Edward’s p... ...e wrath of God be seen as a primitive or obscene concept? Is the very notion of hell an insult? If so, it is clear that the God one worships is not a holy God: thus, He is not a God at all. If we despise the justice of God, a person is not a Christian. One stands in a position which is every bit as dangerous as the one which Edwards so graphically described. â€Å"If we hate the wrath of God, it is because we hate God Himself. We may protest vehemently against these charges but our vehemence only confirms our hostility toward God† (Sproul â€Å"God In The Hands Of Angry Sinners†). But a God of love who has no wrath is no God. One who does not love God in this present world is considered a loser, as he has lost all peace, comfort, strength, and even hope. A person’s greatest detriment in the hereafter is found in the loss of the sight of Christ and the beholding of His glories.

Theory of Consumer Behavior

Chapter 4 – Theory of Consumer Behavior Economics 11 – UPLB Prepared by T. B. Paris, Jr. December 11, 2007 Theory of Consumer Behavior ? ? ? Useful for understanding the demand side of the market. Utility – amount of satisfaction derived from the consumption of a commodity †¦. measurement units ? utils Utility concepts ? ? cardinal utility – assumes that we can assign values for utility, (Jevons, Walras, and Marshall). E. g. , derive 100 utils from eating a slice of pizza ordinal utility approach – does not assign values, instead works with a ranking of preferences. Pareto, Hicks, Slutsky) Total utility and marginal utility ? ? Total utility (TU) – the overall level of satisfaction derived from consuming a good or service Marginal utility (MU) additional satisfaction that an individual derives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service. ? TU MU = ? Q Total utility and marginal utility Example (Table 4. 1): Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T U 0 20 27 32 35 35 34 30 36 MU –20 7 5 3 0 -1 -4 ? ? ? ? TU, in general, increases with Q At some point, TU can start falling with Q see Q = 6) If TU is increasing, MU > 0 From Q = 1 onwards, MU is declining ? principle of diminishing marginal utility ? As more and more of a good are consumed, the process of consumption will (at some point) yield smaller and smaller additions to utility Total Utility Curve TU 35 Total utility(in utils) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quantity 6 Q Figure 4. 1 Marginal Utility Curve MU Marginal utility (in utils) 20 15 10 5 0 -5 Figure 4. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quantity Q Consumer Equilibrium ? ?So far, we have assumed that any amount of goods and services are always available for consumption In reality, consumers face constraints (income and prices): Limited consumers income or budget ? Goods can be obtained at a price ? Some simplifying assumptions ? ? ? ? Consumer’s objective: to maximize his/her utility subject to income constraint 2 goods (X, Y ) Prices Px, Py are fixed Consumer’s income (I) is given Consumer Equilibrium ? Marginal utility per peso ? additional utility derived from spending the next peso on the good MU MU per peso = PConsumer Equilibrium ? Optimizing condition: MU X MU Y = PX PY ? If MU X MU Y > PX PY ? spend more on good X and less of Y Simple Illustration ? Suppose: X = fishball Y = siomai ? Assume: PX = 2 PY = 10 Numerical Illustration Qx 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUX 30 39 45 50 54 56 MUX 30 9 6 5 4 2 MUx Px 15 4. 5 3 2. 5 2 1 QY 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUY 50 105 148 178 198 213 MUY 50 55 43 30 20 15 MUy Py 5 5. 5 4. 3 3 2 1. 5 ? ? 2 potential optimum positions Combination A: ? X = 3 and Y = 4 ? TU = TUX + TUY = 45 + 178 = 223 ? Combination B: ? ? X = 5 and Y = 5 TU = TUX + TUY = 54 + 198 = 252 ? Presence of 2 potential equilibrium positions suggests that we need to consider income. To do so let us examine how much each consumer spends for each combination. Expenditure per combination ? ? Total expenditure = PX X + PY Y Combination A: 3(2) + 4(10) = 46 ? Combination B: 5(2) + 5(10) = 60 ? Scenarios: If consumer’s income = 46, then the optimum is given by combination A. .†¦Combination B is not affordable ? If the consumer’s income = 60, then the optimum is given by Combination B†¦. Combination A is affordable but it yields a lower level of utility ? end

Analysis Of Shakespeare s Sonnet, Let Me Not And The...

Comparisons of Shakespeare s sonnet â€Å"Let Me Not in to the Marriage of True Minds† and Sherran s composition â€Å"Thinking Out Loud† In the poem â€Å"Let Me Not in to the Marriage of True Minds† also known as â€Å"Sonnet 116† Shakespeare uses the theme that love endures; to articulate that in spite of obstacles, true love never expires. First, he defines love as having a decree. For example, over time circumstances and a person can change, but Shakespeare declares that love can not be influenced. After explaining the regulations of love Shakespeare defines love as having no boundaries. For instance, throughout the sonnet he clearly indicates that love cannot move, be measured or die. Much like Shakespeare, Ed Sheeran wrote the song â€Å"Thinking Out Loud† with a similar theme of love s endurance; although, Sheeran marvels over love and how age will affect the circumstances of a persons true feelings. For example, Sherran writes about how age, memory, and looks default over time, and contemplates if he and his lover will still feel the same way about each other after time alters their mind s and bodies. Using the endurance of love as a theme to teach that love is eternal, Shakespeare uses metaphors and personification; however, Sheeran questions love s lasting effects by using personification and hyperbole. Shakespeare uses his theme to inform people of everlasting love with his use of metaphors and personification. For example, in lines 5-7 he states, â€Å"O, no it is an ever fixed mark,

A Valediction Forbidding Mourning Lyric Poem - 1324 Words

The title of this lyric poem is ‘ A valediction forbidding mourning’ - written by John Donne - in the first person point of view. The speaker is a man and most likely a saint who would not participate in acts that are profane. A valediction is a farewell message. As seen in the title, forbids his wife from sorrowing over their separation, the poet decides to present reasons why his embassy to France will not occasion grief or anxiety. He accomplishes this through a series of conceits - similes and strikingly unusual metaphors. Donne is a metaphysical poet who uses metaphoric conceit in his poems by comparing two incredibly unlike things such as love and demeanors. Death is used as a metaphor in the departure of his wife. First, he†¦show more content†¦This culminates in the brilliant pun on absence, which means not just being elsewhere but lacking the fleshly propinquity and sentience of eyes, lips, and hands mentioned in the subsequent quatrain. The love of the laity is dependent upon things, or body parts. Such love is rudimentary, basic, and carnal. But we by a love so much refined,/That ourselves know not what it is,/ Inter-assured of the mind/ Care less, eyes, lips and hands to miss. The poem concludes with the employment of two conceits or super-ingenious metaphors. The departure of the poet is not a breach or separation but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinness beat. And finally their conjoined souls are a pair of compasses. Anne at home is the fixed foot and leans in the direction of the traveling foot, steadying it and assuring that it will come full circle. (And yes, there is a sexual aspect to and grows erect.) Donne compares the love he shares with his wife to a compass. (Stanza 7 of the poem). Mockery of idealized, sentimental romantic poetry, as in Stanza 2 of the poem. Gross exaggeration (hyperbole). ..In the sixth stanza, Donne begins a paradox, noting that his and his wifes souls are one though they be two; therefore, their souls will always be together even though they are apart. .Stanza 6 also presents a simile, comparing the expansion of their souls to the expansion of beaten gold. ..Donne also uses alliteration extensively. FollowingShow MoreRelatedElements Of Metaphysical Poetry1092 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrate concepts such as love and death. Metaphysical poems have the elements of metaphors, metaphysical conceits, paradoxes, and analogies. Metaphors and metaphysical conceits, a type of extended metaphor, are used to show a connection between two things that are not similar and to prove the speaker’s point in his poem. Paradoxes, statements that seem contradictory but suggest a truth, are used to help readers to think about the subject in the poem in a different way. Analogies, another characteristicRead MoreJohn Donne1376 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Donne is the name in English Literature who gave new direction to the literary activities of his age. He is in a sense founded the metaphysical lyric, which was practiced by scare of writers. As Dowden says, â€Å"We are told that in the decline of the greater poetry of the Elizabethan period, a meta physical school arose and that John Donne was the founder or the first eminent member of this school.† John Donne set up a new tradition in versification by and large Donne must be regarded as an originalRead MoreCharacteristics of Metaphysical Poetry876 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a metaphysical poem? Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man, but the intelligence, learning and seriousness of the poets means that the poetry is about the profound areas of experience especially - about love, romantic and sensual; about man s relationship with God - the eternal perspective, and, to a less extent, about pleasure, learning and art. Metaphysical poems are lyric poems. They are brief but intense meditations, characterized by striking use of witRead Morethatcher4803 Words   |  20 PagesHopkins, â€Å"The Windhover†, â€Å"I wake and feel the fell of dark†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2. William Shakespeare, Sonnets 1-7 3. John Donne, â€Å"Valediction Forbidding Mourning†, â€Å"The Flea†, â€Å"Hymn to God, My God in my Sickness† 4. George Herbert, â€Å"The Collar†, â€Å"The Altar†, â€Å"Love III† 5. Andrew Marvell, â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† 6. T.S. Eliot, â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, â€Å"Journey of the Magi† 2. Poems for individual reading: 1. William Shakespeare Sonnet 73 (â€Å"That time of year†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) 2. John Donne, â€Å"Holy Sonnet I† (â€Å"ThouRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry By John Donne1590 Words   |  7 Pagesand roguery, much occupied with secret love-making, elopement, imprisonment, and lawsuit over his marriage, but he later turned a saintly divine and ended as the illustrious Dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral, London. His poems can be divided into two categories: â€Å"the youthful love lyrics, published after his death as Songs and Sonnets in 1633, and the later sacred verses†, published in 1624 as Devotions upon Emergent Occasions , which show the intense interest Donne took in the spectacle of mortalityRead MoreThe word Wit has multiple definitions, most of which metaphysical poets use in their distinctive1400 Words   |  6 Pagesmain features of metaphysical poetry and explore the relevance of wit and conceit in relation to John Donne’s works. Furthermore, I will endeavour to make connections between John Donne, the person and John Donne, the poet. By analysing different poems I will draw on Donne’s history, poetic style, and era to ascertain whether Donne’s use of wit is a defect or limitation. The poet, John Donne was born into a Roman Catholic family in London, England in 1572. Although not of the aristocracy, Donne’sRead MoreThe Relationship Between Donnes Religious and Secular Verse.2284 Words   |  10 PagesDonnes love poetry and his religious verse have an extremely close relationship and this manifests itself in the presence of religious imagery and reference in his love poems, the presence of imagery in his religious poems that is more akin to that from courtly love, and in his style and technique. It is this sense of Donnes individuality that creates two types of poetry that, for all their differences, are strikingly similar. The holy sonnets refer to the old love poet characteristics